Enzymes exclusive to Glycolysis | Enzymes Shared between the two pathways | Enzymes exclusive to gluconeogenesis |
Follow the links on the enzyme name to learn more about its chemistry and its catalytic mechanism. There are also some rationales about how the pathways fit together, which reactions are the same and which must be different to maintain favorable standard free energies for both overall pathways |
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Glycolysis Pathway |
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Gluconeogenesis Pathway | ||
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![]() Glucose |
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ATP → Hexokinase ADP ← |
↓ ↑ | → Pi Glucose-6-Phosphatase | ||
. | ![]() Glucose-6-Phosphate |
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Phosphoglucose Isomerase | . | |||
. | ![]() Fructose-6-Phosphate |
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ATP → Phosphofructokinase ADP ← |
↓ ↑ | → Pi Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase | ||
. | ![]() Fructose-1,6-Bisphophate |
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Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate aldolase | . | |||
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Triose Phosphate Isomerase | |||
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NAD+ + Pi→ Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase NADH ← |
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. | ![]() 1,3BisphosphoGlycerate |
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ADP → Phosphoglycerate Kinase ATP ← |
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. | ![]() 3 PhosphoGlycerate |
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Phosphoglycerate Mutase | . | |||
. | ![]() 2-PhosphoGlycerate |
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enolase | . | |||
. . | ![]() PhosphoEnolPyruvate |
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→ CO2 + GDP (ADP equivalent) PEP carboxykinase ← GTP (ATP equivalent) |
Compare the glycolysis, uncatalyzed and gluconeogenesis reactions side by side | ADP → Pyruvate Kinase ATP ← |
↓ | oxaloacetate 4 Carbon compound |
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→ADP + Pi pyruvate carboxylase ← CO2 + ATP |
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---glycolysis "officially" ends here, but 1 of the 3 step below are required!-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ||||
pyruvate decarboxylase Ethanol fermentation: Beers, Wines The CO2 released is used to raise bread |
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lactate dehydrogenase Lactate fermentation:(overworked muscle cells, red blood cells, yogurt making (Lactobacillus acidophilus)) |
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pyruvate dehydrogenase This is NOT used in fermentative processes! This takes place in mitochondria and MUST lead to oxidative glucose metabolism. |
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